Baisser la vitesse sur route, télétravailler, rendre les transports publics moins chers: l’AIE a dévoilé ce vendredi des mesures pour réduire rapidement la consommation de pétrole face au risque de « choc » causé par l’invasion russe en Ukraine.
L’ensemble de ces 10 mesures permettraient de réduire la consommation de pétrole de 2,7 millions de barils par jour en quatre mois, l’équivalent de la consommation de toutes les voitures en Chine, selon l’Agence internationale de l’énergie (AIE).
Elle avait déjà présenté un plan pour réduire la dépendance au gaz russe et s’est désormais focalisée sur le pétrole, dont la Russie est le premier exportateur mondial et le second pour le brut, derrière l’Arabie saoudite.
« Conséquence de l’horrible agression de la Russie contre l’Ukraine, le monde est peut-être bien confronté à son plus gros choc de l’offre pétrolière depuis des décennies », a souligné le président exécutif de l’AIE, Fatih Birol, qui présentait son plan.
Une partie de la production russe ne sera en effet plus disponible pour les marchés internationaux, qu’elle soit frappée par des sanctions (comme celles des Etats-Unis) ou tout simplement boudée par des entreprises qui se détournent volontairement de la Russie.
Les pays développés membres de l’AIE, créée en 1974 après le choc pétrolier, ont déjà puisé dans leurs réserves stratégiques et l’institution a lancé un appel vendredi aux pays producteurs à faire plus pour alimenter le marché.
Fatih Birol a ainsi dit espérer que la prochaine réunion de l’Opep+ (qui réunit les membres du cartel et leurs alliés, dont la Russie) à la fin du mois permettra de « soulager le marché » et a demandé aux pays producteurs de pétrole d’être « du bon côté ».
« agir sur la demande »
« Mais nous pouvons aussi agir sur la demande », a-t-il souligné, en dévoilant les mesures pour économiser du pétrole, concentrées sur le secteur des transports.
Il suggère de baisser d’au moins 10 km/h la vitesse autorisée sur autoroute, travailler de la maison jusqu’à trois jours par semaine si possible, ou encore d’organiser des dimanches sans voiture dans les villes.
Ces mesures n’ont pas seulement l’avantage d’améliorer la sécurité d’approvisionnement mais aussi de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et la pollution de l’air, tout en réduisant les dépenses.
Les cours du pétrole ont fortement augmenté à la suite de l’invasion de l’Ukraine, ce qui s’est traduit par une flambée des prix à la pompe et des mesures de soutien aux automobilistes et aux professionnels dans certains pays.
Le plan de l’AIE a en outre l’avantage de pouvoir être mis en oeuvre rapidement, d’ici l’été. Car le pic de la demande, avec les grandes vacances en juillet et août dans l’hémisphère nord « approche », a souligné Fatih Birol.
Barbara Pompili, la ministre française de la Transition écologique, dont le pays assure la présidence tournante de l’UE, a salué « des idées intéressantes qui sont pour certaines en ligne avec nos propres idées », sans reprendre spécifiquement les propositions énoncées.
A plus long terme, l’Europe souhaite rompre avec sa dépendance énergétique envers la Russie. La présidente de la Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, a indiqué qu’elle proposerait l’objectif d’une indépendance de l’UE envers les énergies fossiles russes d’ici à 2027.
(Agences)
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